Step1: Initialization code has obvious proof.
int factorial(int x) { int f, y; // PRE-CONDITION: x >= 0 y = 1; // y = 1 f = 1; // y = 1 and f = 1 while (y <= x) { f = f * y; y = y + 1; } // end while // POST-CONDITION: f = x! return f; }