# Preparing models for mobile deployment

Warning: TensorFlow Mobile is __deprecated__.

<div class="caution">
  <p>
    <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/lite">TensorFlow Lite</a> is our main
	mobile and embedded offering. We are
    working hard to close the feature gap between TensorFlow Mobile and
    TensorFlow Lite. We expect to deprecate TensorFlow Mobile in early 2019. We
    will give ample notice to our users when we get to that point and will
    provide help and support to ensure easy migrations.
  </p>
  <p>
    In the meantime, please use TensorFlow Lite. If you have a feature request,
    such as a missing op, please post to our <a
    href="https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues">GitHub</a>.
  </p>
</div>

The requirements for storing model information during training are very
different from when you want to release it as part of a mobile app. This section
covers the tools involved in converting from a training model to something
releasable in production.

## What is up with all the different saved file formats?

You may find yourself getting very confused by all the different ways that
TensorFlow can save out graphs. To help, here’s a rundown of some of the
different components, and what they are used for. The objects are mostly defined
and serialized as protocol buffers:

- [NodeDef](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/framework/node_def.proto):
  Defines a single operation in a model. It has a unique name, a list of the
  names of other nodes it pulls inputs from, the operation type it implements
  (for example `Add`, or `Mul`), and any attributes that are needed to control
  that operation. This is the basic unit of computation for TensorFlow, and all
  work is done by iterating through a network of these nodes, applying each one
  in turn. One particular operation type that’s worth knowing about is `Const`,
  since this holds information about a constant. This may be a single, scalar
  number or string, but it can also hold an entire multi-dimensional tensor
  array. The values for a `Const` are stored inside the `NodeDef`, and so large
  constants can take up a lot of room when serialized.

- [Checkpoint](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/util/tensor_bundle/tensor_bundle.h). Another
  way of storing values for a model is by using `Variable` ops. Unlike `Const`
  ops, these don’t store their content as part of the `NodeDef`, so they take up
  very little space within the `GraphDef` file. Instead their values are held in
  RAM while a computation is running, and then saved out to disk as checkpoint
  files periodically. This typically happens as a neural network is being
  trained and weights are updated, so it’s a time-critical operation, and it may
  happen in a distributed fashion across many workers, so the file format has to
  be both fast and flexible. They are stored as multiple checkpoint files,
  together with metadata files that describe what’s contained within the
  checkpoints. When you’re referring to a checkpoint in the API (for example
  when passing a filename in as a command line argument), you’ll use the common
  prefix for a set of related files. If you had these files:

        /tmp/model/model-chkpt-1000.data-00000-of-00002
        /tmp/model/model-chkpt-1000.data-00001-of-00002
        /tmp/model/model-chkpt-1000.index
        /tmp/model/model-chkpt-1000.meta

    You would refer to them as `/tmp/model/chkpt-1000`.

- [GraphDef](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/framework/graph.proto):
  Has a list of `NodeDefs`, which together define the computational graph to
  execute. During training, some of these nodes will be `Variables`, and so if
  you want to have a complete graph you can run, including the weights, you’ll
  need to call a restore operation to pull those values from
  checkpoints. Because checkpoint loading has to be flexible to deal with all of
  the training requirements, this can be tricky to implement on mobile and
  embedded devices, especially those with no proper file system available like
  iOS. This is where
  the
  [`freeze_graph.py`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/python/tools/freeze_graph.py) script
  comes in handy. As mentioned above, `Const` ops store their values as part of
  the `NodeDef`, so if all the `Variable` weights are converted to `Const` nodes,
  then we only need a single `GraphDef` file to hold the model architecture and
  the weights. Freezing the graph handles the process of loading the
  checkpoints, and then converts all Variables to Consts. You can then load the
  resulting file in a single call, without having to restore variable values
  from checkpoints. One thing to watch out for with `GraphDef` files is that
  sometimes they’re stored in text format for easy inspection. These versions
  usually have a ‘.pbtxt’ filename suffix, whereas the binary files end with
  ‘.pb’.

- [FunctionDefLibrary](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/framework/function.proto):
  This appears in `GraphDef`, and is effectively a set of sub-graphs, each with
  information about their input and output nodes. Each sub-graph can then be
  used as an op in the main graph, allowing easy instantiation of different
  nodes, in a similar way to how functions encapsulate code in other languages.

- [MetaGraphDef](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/protobuf/meta_graph.proto):
  A plain `GraphDef` only has information about the network of computations, but
  doesn’t have any extra information about the model or how it can be
  used. `MetaGraphDef` contains a `GraphDef` defining the computation part of
  the model, but also includes information like ‘signatures’, which are
  suggestions about which inputs and outputs you may want to call the model
  with, data on how and where any checkpoint files are saved, and convenience
  tags for grouping ops together for ease of use.

- [SavedModel](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/protobuf/saved_model.proto):
  It’s common to want to have different versions of a graph that rely on a
  common set of variable checkpoints. For example, you might need a GPU and a
  CPU version of the same graph, but keep the same weights for both. You might
  also need some extra files (like label names) as part of your
  model. The
  [SavedModel](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/python/saved_model/README.md) format
  addresses these needs by letting you save multiple versions of the same graph
  without duplicating variables, and also storing asset files in the same
  bundle. Under the hood, it uses `MetaGraphDef` and checkpoint files, along
  with extra metadata files. It’s the format that you’ll want to use if you’re
  deploying a web API using TensorFlow Serving, for example.

## How do you get a model you can use on mobile?

In most situations, training a model with TensorFlow will give you a folder
containing a `GraphDef` file (usually ending with the `.pb` or `.pbtxt` extension) and
a set of checkpoint files. What you need for mobile or embedded deployment is a
single `GraphDef` file that’s been ‘frozen’, or had its variables converted into
inline constants so everything’s in one file.  To handle the conversion, you’ll
need the `freeze_graph.py` script, that’s held in
[`tensorflow/python/tools/freeze_graph.py`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/python/tools/freeze_graph.py). You’ll run it like this:

    bazel build tensorflow/python/tools:freeze_graph
    bazel-bin/tensorflow/python/tools/freeze_graph \
    --input_graph=/tmp/model/my_graph.pb \
    --input_checkpoint=/tmp/model/model.ckpt-1000 \
    --output_graph=/tmp/frozen_graph.pb \
    --output_node_names=output_node \

The `input_graph` argument should point to the `GraphDef` file that holds your
model architecture. It’s possible that your `GraphDef` has been stored in a text
format on disk, in which case it’s likely to end in `.pbtxt` instead of `.pb`,
and you should add an extra `--input_binary=false` flag to the command.

The `input_checkpoint` should be the most recent saved checkpoint. As mentioned
in the checkpoint section, you need to give the common prefix to the set of
checkpoints here, rather than a full filename.

`output_graph` defines where the resulting frozen `GraphDef` will be
saved. Because it’s likely to contain a lot of weight values that take up a
large amount of space in text format, it’s always saved as a binary protobuf.

`output_node_names` is a list of the names of the nodes that you want to extract
the results of your graph from. This is needed because the freezing process
needs to understand which parts of the graph are actually needed, and which are
artifacts of the training process, like summarization ops. Only ops that
contribute to calculating the given output nodes will be kept. If you know how
your graph is going to be used, these should just be the names of the nodes you
pass into `Session::Run()` as your fetch targets. The easiest way to find the
node names is to inspect the Node objects while building your graph in python.
Inspecting your graph in TensorBoard is another simple way.  You can get some
suggestions on likely outputs by running the [`summarize_graph` tool](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/tree/master/tensorflow/tools/graph_transforms/README.md#inspecting-graphs).

Because the output format for TensorFlow has changed over time, there are a
variety of other less commonly used flags available too, like `input_saver`, but
hopefully you shouldn’t need these on graphs trained with modern versions of the
framework.

## Using the Graph Transform Tool

A lot of the things you need to do to efficiently run a model on device are
available through the [Graph Transform
Tool](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/tools/graph_transforms/README.md). This
command-line tool takes an input `GraphDef` file, applies the set of rewriting
rules you request, and then writes out the result as a `GraphDef`. See the
documentation for more information on how to build and run this tool.

### Removing training-only nodes

TensorFlow `GraphDefs` produced by the training code contain all of the
computation that’s needed for back-propagation and updates of weights, as well
as the queuing and decoding of inputs, and the saving out of checkpoints. All of
these nodes are no longer needed during inference, and some of the operations
like checkpoint saving aren’t even supported on mobile platforms. To create a
model file that you can load on devices you need to delete those unneeded
operations by running the `strip_unused_nodes` rule in the Graph Transform Tool.

The trickiest part of this process is figuring out the names of the nodes you
want to use as inputs and outputs during inference.  You'll need these anyway
once you start to run inference, but you also need them here so that the
transform can calculate which nodes are not needed on the inference-only
path. These may not be obvious from the training code. The easiest way to
determine the node name is to explore the graph with TensorBoard.

Remember that mobile applications typically gather their data from sensors and
have it as arrays in memory, whereas training typically involves loading and
decoding representations of the data stored on disk. In the case of Inception v3
for example, there’s a `DecodeJpeg` op at the start of the graph that’s designed
to take JPEG-encoded data from a file retrieved from disk and turn it into an
arbitrary-sized image. After that there’s a `BilinearResize` op to scale it to
the expected size, followed by a couple of other ops that convert the byte data
into float and scale the value magnitudes it in the way the rest of the graph
expects. A typical mobile app will skip most of these steps because it’s getting
its input directly from a live camera, so the input node you will actually
supply will be the output of the `Mul` node in this case.

<img src ="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/inception_input.png" width="300">

You’ll need to do a similar process of inspection to figure out the correct
output nodes.

If you’ve just been given a frozen `GraphDef` file, and are not sure about the
contents, try using the `summarize_graph` tool to print out information
about the inputs and outputs it finds from the graph structure. Here’s an
example with the original Inception v3 file:

    bazel run tensorflow/tools/graph_transforms:summarize_graph --
    --in_graph=tensorflow_inception_graph.pb

Once you have an idea of what the input and output nodes are, you can feed them
into the graph transform tool as the `--input_names` and `--output_names`
arguments, and call the `strip_unused_nodes` transform, like this:

    bazel run tensorflow/tools/graph_transforms:transform_graph --
    --in_graph=tensorflow_inception_graph.pb
    --out_graph=optimized_inception_graph.pb --inputs='Mul' --outputs='softmax'
    --transforms='
      strip_unused_nodes(type=float, shape="1,299,299,3")
      fold_constants(ignore_errors=true)
      fold_batch_norms
      fold_old_batch_norms'

One thing to look out for here is that you need to specify the size and type
that you want your inputs to be. This is because any values that you’re going to
be passing in as inputs to inference need to be fed to special `Placeholder` op
nodes, and the transform may need to create them if they don’t already exist. In
the case of Inception v3 for example, a `Placeholder` node replaces the old
`Mul` node that used to output the resized and rescaled image array, since we’re
going to be doing that processing ourselves before we call TensorFlow. It keeps
the original name though, which is why we always feed in inputs to `Mul` when we
run a session with our modified Inception graph.

After you’ve run this process, you’ll have a graph that only contains the actual
nodes you need to run your prediction process. This is the point where it
becomes useful to run metrics on the graph, so it’s worth running
`summarize_graph` again to understand what’s in your model.

## What ops should you include on mobile?

There are hundreds of operations available in TensorFlow, and each one has
multiple implementations for different data types. On mobile platforms, the size
of the executable binary that’s produced after compilation is important, because
app download bundles need to be as small as possible for the best user
experience. If all of the ops and data types are compiled into the TensorFlow
library then the total size of the compiled library can be tens of megabytes, so
by default only a subset of ops and data types are included.

That means that if you load a model file that’s been trained on a desktop
machine, you may see the error “No OpKernel was registered to support Op” when
you load it on mobile. The first thing to try is to make sure you’ve stripped
out any training-only nodes, since the error will occur at load time even if the
op is never executed. If you’re still hitting the same problem once that’s done,
you’ll need to look at adding the op to your built library.

The criteria for including ops and types fall into several categories:

- Are they only useful in back-propagation, for gradients? Since mobile is
  focused on inference, we don’t include these.

- Are they useful mainly for other training needs, such as checkpoint saving?
  These we leave out.

- Do they rely on frameworks that aren’t always available on mobile, such as
  libjpeg? To avoid extra dependencies we don’t include ops like `DecodeJpeg`.

- Are there types that aren’t commonly used? We don’t include boolean variants
  of ops for example, since we don’t see much use of them in typical inference
  graphs.

These ops are trimmed by default to optimize for inference on mobile, but it is
possible to alter some build files to change the default.  After alternating the
build files, you will need to recompile TensorFlow.  See below for more details
on how to do this, and also see <a href="./optimizing.md">optimizing binary size</a>
for more on reducing your binary size.

### Locate the implementation

Operations are broken into two parts. The first is the op definition, which
declares the signature of the operation, which inputs, outputs, and attributes
it has. These take up very little space, and so all are included by default. The
implementations of the op computations are done in kernels, which live in the
`tensorflow/core/kernels` folder. You need to compile the C++ file containing
the kernel implementation of the op you need into the library. To figure out
which file that is, you can search for the operation name in the source
files.

[Here’s an example search in github](https://github.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=repo%3Atensorflow%2Ftensorflow+extension%3Acc+path%3Atensorflow%2Fcore%2Fkernels+REGISTER+Mul&type=Code&ref=searchresults).

You’ll see that this search is looking for the `Mul` op implementation, and it
finds it in `tensorflow/core/kernels/cwise_op_mul_1.cc`. You need to look for
macros beginning with `REGISTER`, with the op name you care about as one of the
string arguments.

In this case, the implementations are actually broken up across multiple `.cc`
files, so you’d need to include all of them in your build. If you’re more
comfortable using the command line for code search, here’s a grep command that
also locates the right files if you run it from the root of your TensorFlow
repository:

`grep 'REGISTER.*"Mul"' tensorflow/core/kernels/*.cc`

### Add the implementation to the build

If you’re using Bazel, and building for Android, you’ll want to add the files
you’ve found to
the
[`android_extended_ops_group1`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/kernels/BUILD#L3565) or
[`android_extended_ops_group2`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/kernels/BUILD#L3632) targets. You
may also need to include any .cc files they depend on in there. If the build
complains about missing header files, add the .h’s that are needed into
the
[`android_extended_ops`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/core/kernels/BUILD#L3525) target.

If you’re using a makefile targeting iOS, Raspberry Pi, etc, go to
[`tensorflow/contrib/makefile/tf_op_files.txt`](https://www.tensorflow.org/code/tensorflow/contrib/makefile/tf_op_files.txt) and
add the right implementation files there.
